ml_algo module¶

This module contains the base class for machine learning algorithms.

Machine learning is the art of building models from data, the latter being samples of properties of interest that can sometimes be sorted by group, such as inputs, outputs, categories, …

In the absence of such groups, the data can be analyzed through a study of commonalities, leading to plausible clusters. This is referred to as clustering, a branch of unsupervised learning dedicated to the detection of patterns in unlabeled data.

See also

unsupervised, clustering

When data can be separated into at least two categories by a human, supervised learning can start with classification whose purpose is to model the relations between these categories and the properties of interest. Once trained, a classification model can predict the category corresponding to new property values.

See also

supervised, classification

When the distinction between inputs and outputs can be made among the data properties, another branch of supervised learning can be considered: regression modeling. Once trained, a regression model can predict the outputs corresponding to new inputs values.

See also

supervised, regression

The quality of a machine learning algorithm can be measured using an MLQualityMeasure either with respect to the learning dataset or to a test dataset or using resampling methods, such as K-folds or leave-one-out cross-validation techniques. The challenge is to avoid over-learning the learning data leading to a loss of generality. We often want to build models that are not too dataset-dependent. For that, we want to maximize both a learning quality and a generalization quality. In unsupervised learning, a quality measure can represent the robustness of clusters definition while in supervised learning, a quality measure can be interpreted as an error, whether it is a misclassification in the case of the classification algorithms or a prediction one in the case of the regression algorithms. This quality can often be improved by building machine learning models from standardized data in such a way that the data properties have the same order of magnitude.

See also

quality_measure, transformer

Lastly, a machine learning algorithm often depends on hyperparameters to be carefully tuned in order to maximize the generalization power of the model.

See also

calibration selection

class gemseo.mlearning.core.ml_algo.MLAlgo(data, transformer=mappingproxy({}), **parameters)[source]

Bases: object

An abstract machine learning algorithm.

Such a model is built from a training dataset, data transformation options and parameters. This abstract class defines the MLAlgo.learn(), MLAlgo.save() methods and the boolean property, MLAlgo.is_trained. It also offers a string representation for end users. Derived classes shall overload the MLAlgo.learn(), MLAlgo._save_algo() and MLAlgo._load_algo() methods.

Parameters:

data (Dataset) – The learning dataset.
transformer (TransformerType) –
The strategies to transform the variables. The values are instances of Transformer while the keys are the names of either the variables or the groups of variables, e.g. "inputs" or "outputs" in the case of the regression algorithms. If a group is specified, the Transformer will be applied to all the variables of this group. If IDENTITY, do not transform the variables.

By default it is set to {}.
**parameters (MLAlgoParameterType) – The parameters of the machine learning algorithm.

Raises:

ValueError – When both the variable and the group it belongs to have a transformer.

learn(samples=None, fit_transformers=True)[source]

Train the machine learning algorithm from the learning dataset.

Parameters:

samples (Sequence[int] | None) – The indices of the learning samples. If None, use the whole learning dataset.
fit_transformers (bool) –
Whether to fit the variable transformers. Otherwise, use them as they are.

By default it is set to True.

Return type:

None

load_algo(directory)[source]

Load a machine learning algorithm from a directory.

Parameters:: directory (str | Path) – The path to the directory where the machine learning algorithm is saved.
Return type:: None

to_pickle(directory=None, path='.', save_learning_set=False)[source]

Save the machine learning algorithm.

Parameters:

directory (str | None) – The name of the directory to save the algorithm.
path (str | Path) –
The path to parent directory where to create the directory.

By default it is set to “.”.
save_learning_set (bool) –
Whether to save the learning set or get rid of it to lighten the saved files.

By default it is set to False.

Returns:

The path to the directory where the algorithm is saved.

Return type:

str

DEFAULT_TRANSFORMER: DefaultTransformerType = mappingproxy({}): The default transformer for the input and output data, if any.

DataFormatters: ClassVar[type[BaseDataFormatters]]: The data formatters for the learning and prediction methods.

FILENAME: ClassVar[str] = 'ml_algo.pkl'

IDENTITY: Final[DefaultTransformerType] = mappingproxy({}): A transformer leaving the input and output variables as they are.

LIBRARY: ClassVar[str] = '': The name of the library of the wrapped machine learning algorithm.

SHORT_ALGO_NAME: ClassVar[str] = 'MLAlgo'

The short name of the machine learning algorithm, often an acronym.

Typically used for composite names, e.g. f"{algo.SHORT_ALGO_NAME}_{dataset.name}" or f"{algo.SHORT_ALGO_NAME}_{discipline.name}".

algo: Any: The interfaced machine learning algorithm.

property is_trained: bool: Return whether the algorithm is trained.

property learning_samples_indices: Sequence[int]: The indices of the learning samples used for the training.

learning_set: Dataset: The learning dataset.

parameters: dict[str, MLAlgoParameterType]: The parameters of the machine learning algorithm.

resampling_results: dict[str, tuple[Resampler, list[MLAlgo], list[ndarray] | ndarray]]

The resampler class names bound to the resampling results.

A resampling result is formatted as (resampler, ml_algos, predictions) where resampler is a Resampler, ml_algos is the list of the associated machine learning algorithms built during the resampling stage and predictions are the predictions obtained with the latter.

resampling_results stores only one resampling result per resampler type (e.g., "CrossValidation", "LeaveOneOut" and "Boostrap").

transformer: dict[str, Transformer]

The strategies to transform the variables, if any.

The values are instances of Transformer while the keys are the names of either the variables or the groups of variables, e.g. “inputs” or “outputs” in the case of the regression algorithms. If a group is specified, the Transformer will be applied to all the variables of this group.

Examples using MLAlgo¶

Cross-validation

Leave-one-out

MSE for regression models

R2 for regression models

RMSE for regression models

Scaling