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Multi-objective Fonseca-Fleming example with the mNBI algorithm¶
In this example, the modified Normal Boundary Intersection algorithm (mNBI) is used to
solve the FonsecaFleming optimization problem [FF95]:
\[\begin{split}\begin{aligned}
\text{minimize the objective function }
& f_1(x) = 1 - exp(-\sum_{i=1}^{d}((x_i - 1 / sqrt(d)) ^ 2)) \\
& f_2(x) = 1 + exp(-\sum_{i=1}^{d}((x_i + 1 / sqrt(d)) ^ 2)) \\
\text{with respect to the design variables }&x\\
\text{subject to the bound constraint}
& x\in[-4,4]^d
\end{aligned}\end{split}\]
We also show how the Pareto front can be refined.
from __future__ import annotations
from gemseo import configure_logger
from gemseo import execute_algo
from gemseo import execute_post
from gemseo.problems.analytical.fonseca_fleming import FonsecaFleming
configure_logger()
<RootLogger root (INFO)>
Solve the Fonseca-Fleming optimization problem¶
The 3 sub-optimization problems of mNBI are solved with SLSQP, a gradient-based optimization algorithm from the NLOPT library, with a maximum of 100 iterations. The analytic gradients are provided.
opt_problem = FonsecaFleming()
result = execute_algo(
opt_problem,
"MNBI",
max_iter=1000,
sub_optim_max_iter=100,
n_sub_optim=3,
sub_optim_algo="NLOPT_SLSQP",
)
INFO - 13:54:28: Optimization problem:
INFO - 13:54:28: minimize FonsecaFleming
INFO - 13:54:28: with respect to x
INFO - 13:54:28: over the design space:
INFO - 13:54:28: +------+-------------+-------+-------------+-------+
INFO - 13:54:28: | Name | Lower bound | Value | Upper bound | Type |
INFO - 13:54:28: +------+-------------+-------+-------------+-------+
INFO - 13:54:28: | x[0] | -4 | 0 | 4 | float |
INFO - 13:54:28: | x[1] | -4 | 0 | 4 | float |
INFO - 13:54:28: | x[2] | -4 | 0 | 4 | float |
INFO - 13:54:28: +------+-------------+-------+-------------+-------+
INFO - 13:54:28: Solving optimization problem with algorithm MNBI:
INFO - 13:54:28: Searching for the individual optimum of each objective
INFO - 13:54:28: Optimization problem:
INFO - 13:54:28: minimize f_0
INFO - 13:54:28: with respect to x
INFO - 13:54:28: over the design space:
INFO - 13:54:28: +------+-------------+-------+-------------+-------+
INFO - 13:54:28: | Name | Lower bound | Value | Upper bound | Type |
INFO - 13:54:28: +------+-------------+-------+-------------+-------+
INFO - 13:54:28: | x[0] | -4 | 0 | 4 | float |
INFO - 13:54:28: | x[1] | -4 | 0 | 4 | float |
INFO - 13:54:28: | x[2] | -4 | 0 | 4 | float |
INFO - 13:54:28: +------+-------------+-------+-------------+-------+
INFO - 13:54:28: 1%| | 6/1000 [00:00<00:03, 302.98 it/sec, obj=[3.45593287e-09 9.81688668e-01]]
INFO - 13:54:28: 1%| | 7/1000 [00:00<00:02, 333.98 it/sec, obj=[0. 0.98168436]]
INFO - 13:54:28: 1%| | 8/1000 [00:00<00:02, 361.29 it/sec, obj=[0. 0.98168436]]
INFO - 13:54:28: 1%| | 9/1000 [00:00<00:02, 400.53 it/sec, obj=[0. 0.98168436]]
INFO - 13:54:28: Optimization result:
INFO - 13:54:28: Optimizer info:
INFO - 13:54:28: Status: None
INFO - 13:54:28: Message: Successive iterates of the objective function are closer than ftol_rel or ftol_abs. GEMSEO Stopped the driver
INFO - 13:54:28: Number of calls to the objective function by the optimizer: 11
INFO - 13:54:28: Solution:
INFO - 13:54:28: Objective: 0.0
INFO - 13:54:28: Design space:
INFO - 13:54:28: +------+-------------+--------------------+-------------+-------+
INFO - 13:54:28: | Name | Lower bound | Value | Upper bound | Type |
INFO - 13:54:28: +------+-------------+--------------------+-------------+-------+
INFO - 13:54:28: | x[0] | -4 | 0.577350268484795 | 4 | float |
INFO - 13:54:28: | x[1] | -4 | 0.577350268484795 | 4 | float |
INFO - 13:54:28: | x[2] | -4 | 0.5773502684847949 | 4 | float |
INFO - 13:54:28: +------+-------------+--------------------+-------------+-------+
INFO - 13:54:28: Optimization problem:
INFO - 13:54:28: minimize f_1
INFO - 13:54:28: with respect to x
INFO - 13:54:28: over the design space:
INFO - 13:54:28: +------+-------------+-------+-------------+-------+
INFO - 13:54:28: | Name | Lower bound | Value | Upper bound | Type |
INFO - 13:54:28: +------+-------------+-------+-------------+-------+
INFO - 13:54:28: | x[0] | -4 | 0 | 4 | float |
INFO - 13:54:28: | x[1] | -4 | 0 | 4 | float |
INFO - 13:54:28: | x[2] | -4 | 0 | 4 | float |
INFO - 13:54:28: +------+-------------+-------+-------------+-------+
INFO - 13:54:28: 1%| | 10/1000 [00:00<00:03, 249.21 it/sec, obj=[0.95084904 0.06744148]]
INFO - 13:54:28: 1%| | 11/1000 [00:00<00:03, 266.61 it/sec, obj=[0.99997026 0.77891095]]
INFO - 13:54:28: 1%| | 12/1000 [00:00<00:03, 288.33 it/sec, obj=[0.98859846 0.01317993]]
INFO - 13:54:28: 1%|▏ | 13/1000 [00:00<00:03, 296.02 it/sec, obj=[9.81345634e-01 2.10356748e-05]]
INFO - 13:54:28: 1%|▏ | 14/1000 [00:00<00:03, 310.69 it/sec, obj=[9.81688668e-01 3.45593287e-09]]
INFO - 13:54:28: 2%|▏ | 15/1000 [00:00<00:03, 324.21 it/sec, obj=[0.98168436 0. ]]
INFO - 13:54:28: 2%|▏ | 16/1000 [00:00<00:02, 337.72 it/sec, obj=[0.98168436 0. ]]
INFO - 13:54:28: 2%|▏ | 17/1000 [00:00<00:02, 356.36 it/sec, obj=[0.98168436 0. ]]
INFO - 13:54:28: Optimization result:
INFO - 13:54:28: Optimizer info:
INFO - 13:54:28: Status: None
INFO - 13:54:28: Message: Successive iterates of the objective function are closer than ftol_rel or ftol_abs. GEMSEO Stopped the driver
INFO - 13:54:28: Number of calls to the objective function by the optimizer: 11
INFO - 13:54:28: Solution:
INFO - 13:54:28: Objective: 0.0
INFO - 13:54:28: Design space:
INFO - 13:54:28: +------+-------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+
INFO - 13:54:28: | Name | Lower bound | Value | Upper bound | Type |
INFO - 13:54:28: +------+-------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+
INFO - 13:54:28: | x[0] | -4 | -0.577350268484795 | 4 | float |
INFO - 13:54:28: | x[1] | -4 | -0.577350268484795 | 4 | float |
INFO - 13:54:28: | x[2] | -4 | -0.5773502684847949 | 4 | float |
INFO - 13:54:28: +------+-------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+
INFO - 13:54:28: Solving mNBI sub-problem for beta = [0.5 0.5]
INFO - 13:54:28: Optimization problem:
INFO - 13:54:28: minimize -t_extraction
INFO - 13:54:28: with respect to t, x
INFO - 13:54:28: subject to constraints:
INFO - 13:54:28: beta_sub_optim_constraint <= 0.0
INFO - 13:54:28: over the design space:
INFO - 13:54:28: +------+-------------+-------+-------------+-------+
INFO - 13:54:28: | Name | Lower bound | Value | Upper bound | Type |
INFO - 13:54:28: +------+-------------+-------+-------------+-------+
INFO - 13:54:28: | x[0] | -4 | 0 | 4 | float |
INFO - 13:54:28: | x[1] | -4 | 0 | 4 | float |
INFO - 13:54:28: | x[2] | -4 | 0 | 4 | float |
INFO - 13:54:28: | t | -inf | 0 | inf | float |
INFO - 13:54:28: +------+-------------+-------+-------------+-------+
INFO - 13:54:28: 2%|▏ | 18/1000 [00:00<00:03, 265.02 it/sec, obj=[0.63212056 0.63212056]]
INFO - 13:54:28: Optimization result:
INFO - 13:54:28: Optimizer info:
INFO - 13:54:28: Status: None
INFO - 13:54:28: Message: Successive iterates of the design variables are closer than xtol_rel or xtol_abs. GEMSEO Stopped the driver
INFO - 13:54:28: Number of calls to the objective function by the optimizer: 4
INFO - 13:54:28: Solution:
INFO - 13:54:28: The solution is feasible.
INFO - 13:54:28: Objective: 0.1439142599466381
INFO - 13:54:28: Standardized constraints:
INFO - 13:54:28: beta_sub_optim_constraint = [ 8.32667268e-17 -1.38777878e-16]
INFO - 13:54:28: Design space:
INFO - 13:54:28: +------+-------------+------------------------+-------------+-------+
INFO - 13:54:28: | Name | Lower bound | Value | Upper bound | Type |
INFO - 13:54:28: +------+-------------+------------------------+-------------+-------+
INFO - 13:54:28: | x[0] | -4 | -6.407485192731112e-17 | 4 | float |
INFO - 13:54:28: | x[1] | -4 | -6.407485192731112e-17 | 4 | float |
INFO - 13:54:28: | x[2] | -4 | -6.407485192731112e-17 | 4 | float |
INFO - 13:54:28: | t | -inf | -0.1439142599466381 | inf | float |
INFO - 13:54:28: +------+-------------+------------------------+-------------+-------+
INFO - 13:54:28: 2%|▏ | 19/1000 [00:00<00:04, 226.56 it/sec, obj=[0.63212056 0.63212056]]
INFO - 13:54:28: Optimization result:
INFO - 13:54:28: Optimizer info:
INFO - 13:54:28: Status: None
INFO - 13:54:28: Message: None
INFO - 13:54:28: Number of calls to the objective function by the optimizer: 26
INFO - 13:54:28: Solution:
INFO - 13:54:28: Objective: 0.8939534673502061
INFO - 13:54:28: Pareto efficient solutions:
INFO - 13:54:28: Pareto optimal points : 6 / 19
INFO - 13:54:28: Utopia point : [0. 0.]
INFO - 13:54:28: Compromise solution (closest to utopia) : [[0.06744148 0.95084904]
INFO - 13:54:28: [0.95084904 0.06744148]]
INFO - 13:54:28: Distance from utopia : 0.9532377715846151
INFO - 13:54:28: Objective values:
INFO - 13:54:28: +------+----------+----------+-----------+-----------+
INFO - 13:54:28: | name | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 |
INFO - 13:54:28: +------+----------+----------+-----------+-----------+
INFO - 13:54:28: | 1 | 0 | 0.981684 | 0.0674415 | 0.950849 |
INFO - 13:54:28: | 2 | 0.981684 | 0 | 0.950849 | 0.0674415 |
INFO - 13:54:28: +------+----------+----------+-----------+-----------+
INFO - 13:54:28: Design space:
INFO - 13:54:28: +-------+-------------+---------+----------+----------+-----------+-------------+-------+
INFO - 13:54:28: | name | lower_bound | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | upper_bound | type |
INFO - 13:54:28: +-------+-------------+---------+----------+----------+-----------+-------------+-------+
INFO - 13:54:28: | x (1) | -4 | 0.57735 | -0.57735 | 0.424791 | -0.424791 | 4 | float |
INFO - 13:54:28: | x (2) | -4 | 0.57735 | -0.57735 | 0.424791 | -0.424791 | 4 | float |
INFO - 13:54:28: | x (3) | -4 | 0.57735 | -0.57735 | 0.424791 | -0.424791 | 4 | float |
INFO - 13:54:28: +-------+-------------+---------+----------+----------+-----------+-------------+-------+
Display the Pareto front¶
GEMSEO detects the Pareto optimal points and the dominated ones. The Fonseca-Fleming problem is interesting because its Pareto front is not convex. The mNBI algorithm successfully computes it.
execute_post(opt_problem, "ParetoFront", save=False, show=True)
<gemseo.post.pareto_front.ParetoFront object at 0x7f28ec377ac0>
Solve the Fonseca-Fleming optimization problem more finely¶
The Pareto front is then refined with 10 sub-optimizations instead of 3.
opt_problem = FonsecaFleming()
result = execute_algo(
opt_problem,
"MNBI",
max_iter=1000,
sub_optim_max_iter=100,
n_sub_optim=10,
sub_optim_algo="NLOPT_SLSQP",
)
INFO - 13:54:28: Optimization problem:
INFO - 13:54:28: minimize FonsecaFleming
INFO - 13:54:28: with respect to x
INFO - 13:54:28: over the design space:
INFO - 13:54:28: +------+-------------+-------+-------------+-------+
INFO - 13:54:28: | Name | Lower bound | Value | Upper bound | Type |
INFO - 13:54:28: +------+-------------+-------+-------------+-------+
INFO - 13:54:28: | x[0] | -4 | 0 | 4 | float |
INFO - 13:54:28: | x[1] | -4 | 0 | 4 | float |
INFO - 13:54:28: | x[2] | -4 | 0 | 4 | float |
INFO - 13:54:28: +------+-------------+-------+-------------+-------+
INFO - 13:54:28: Solving optimization problem with algorithm MNBI:
INFO - 13:54:28: Searching for the individual optimum of each objective
INFO - 13:54:28: Optimization problem:
INFO - 13:54:28: minimize f_0
INFO - 13:54:28: with respect to x
INFO - 13:54:28: over the design space:
INFO - 13:54:28: +------+-------------+-------+-------------+-------+
INFO - 13:54:28: | Name | Lower bound | Value | Upper bound | Type |
INFO - 13:54:28: +------+-------------+-------+-------------+-------+
INFO - 13:54:28: | x[0] | -4 | 0 | 4 | float |
INFO - 13:54:28: | x[1] | -4 | 0 | 4 | float |
INFO - 13:54:28: | x[2] | -4 | 0 | 4 | float |
INFO - 13:54:28: +------+-------------+-------+-------------+-------+
INFO - 13:54:28: 1%| | 6/1000 [00:00<00:03, 310.34 it/sec, obj=[3.45593287e-09 9.81688668e-01]]
INFO - 13:54:28: 1%| | 7/1000 [00:00<00:02, 342.09 it/sec, obj=[0. 0.98168436]]
INFO - 13:54:28: 1%| | 8/1000 [00:00<00:02, 371.10 it/sec, obj=[0. 0.98168436]]
INFO - 13:54:28: 1%| | 9/1000 [00:00<00:02, 411.26 it/sec, obj=[0. 0.98168436]]
INFO - 13:54:28: Optimization result:
INFO - 13:54:28: Optimizer info:
INFO - 13:54:28: Status: None
INFO - 13:54:28: Message: Successive iterates of the objective function are closer than ftol_rel or ftol_abs. GEMSEO Stopped the driver
INFO - 13:54:28: Number of calls to the objective function by the optimizer: 11
INFO - 13:54:28: Solution:
INFO - 13:54:28: Objective: 0.0
INFO - 13:54:28: Design space:
INFO - 13:54:28: +------+-------------+--------------------+-------------+-------+
INFO - 13:54:28: | Name | Lower bound | Value | Upper bound | Type |
INFO - 13:54:28: +------+-------------+--------------------+-------------+-------+
INFO - 13:54:28: | x[0] | -4 | 0.577350268484795 | 4 | float |
INFO - 13:54:28: | x[1] | -4 | 0.577350268484795 | 4 | float |
INFO - 13:54:28: | x[2] | -4 | 0.5773502684847949 | 4 | float |
INFO - 13:54:28: +------+-------------+--------------------+-------------+-------+
INFO - 13:54:28: Optimization problem:
INFO - 13:54:28: minimize f_1
INFO - 13:54:28: with respect to x
INFO - 13:54:28: over the design space:
INFO - 13:54:28: +------+-------------+-------+-------------+-------+
INFO - 13:54:28: | Name | Lower bound | Value | Upper bound | Type |
INFO - 13:54:28: +------+-------------+-------+-------------+-------+
INFO - 13:54:28: | x[0] | -4 | 0 | 4 | float |
INFO - 13:54:28: | x[1] | -4 | 0 | 4 | float |
INFO - 13:54:28: | x[2] | -4 | 0 | 4 | float |
INFO - 13:54:28: +------+-------------+-------+-------------+-------+
INFO - 13:54:28: 1%| | 10/1000 [00:00<00:03, 258.48 it/sec, obj=[0.95084904 0.06744148]]
INFO - 13:54:28: 1%| | 11/1000 [00:00<00:03, 276.28 it/sec, obj=[0.99997026 0.77891095]]
INFO - 13:54:28: 1%| | 12/1000 [00:00<00:03, 298.92 it/sec, obj=[0.98859846 0.01317993]]
INFO - 13:54:28: 1%|▏ | 13/1000 [00:00<00:03, 306.92 it/sec, obj=[9.81345634e-01 2.10356748e-05]]
INFO - 13:54:28: 1%|▏ | 14/1000 [00:00<00:03, 321.26 it/sec, obj=[9.81688668e-01 3.45593287e-09]]
INFO - 13:54:28: 2%|▏ | 15/1000 [00:00<00:02, 335.48 it/sec, obj=[0.98168436 0. ]]
INFO - 13:54:28: 2%|▏ | 16/1000 [00:00<00:02, 349.21 it/sec, obj=[0.98168436 0. ]]
INFO - 13:54:28: 2%|▏ | 17/1000 [00:00<00:02, 368.40 it/sec, obj=[0.98168436 0. ]]
INFO - 13:54:28: Optimization result:
INFO - 13:54:28: Optimizer info:
INFO - 13:54:28: Status: None
INFO - 13:54:28: Message: Successive iterates of the objective function are closer than ftol_rel or ftol_abs. GEMSEO Stopped the driver
INFO - 13:54:28: Number of calls to the objective function by the optimizer: 11
INFO - 13:54:28: Solution:
INFO - 13:54:28: Objective: 0.0
INFO - 13:54:28: Design space:
INFO - 13:54:28: +------+-------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+
INFO - 13:54:28: | Name | Lower bound | Value | Upper bound | Type |
INFO - 13:54:28: +------+-------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+
INFO - 13:54:28: | x[0] | -4 | -0.577350268484795 | 4 | float |
INFO - 13:54:28: | x[1] | -4 | -0.577350268484795 | 4 | float |
INFO - 13:54:28: | x[2] | -4 | -0.5773502684847949 | 4 | float |
INFO - 13:54:28: +------+-------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+
INFO - 13:54:28: Solving mNBI sub-problem for beta = [0.11111111 0.88888889]
INFO - 13:54:28: Optimization problem:
INFO - 13:54:28: minimize -t_extraction
INFO - 13:54:28: with respect to t, x
INFO - 13:54:28: subject to constraints:
INFO - 13:54:28: beta_sub_optim_constraint <= 0.0
INFO - 13:54:28: over the design space:
INFO - 13:54:28: +------+-------------+-------+-------------+-------+
INFO - 13:54:28: | Name | Lower bound | Value | Upper bound | Type |
INFO - 13:54:28: +------+-------------+-------+-------------+-------+
INFO - 13:54:28: | x[0] | -4 | 0 | 4 | float |
INFO - 13:54:28: | x[1] | -4 | 0 | 4 | float |
INFO - 13:54:28: | x[2] | -4 | 0 | 4 | float |
INFO - 13:54:28: | t | -inf | 0 | inf | float |
INFO - 13:54:28: +------+-------------+-------+-------------+-------+
INFO - 13:54:28: 2%|▏ | 18/1000 [00:00<00:03, 273.33 it/sec, obj=[0.90043834 0.20664322]]
INFO - 13:54:28: 2%|▏ | 19/1000 [00:00<00:03, 282.12 it/sec, obj=[0.91873293 0.15869784]]
INFO - 13:54:28: 2%|▏ | 20/1000 [00:00<00:03, 290.70 it/sec, obj=[0.91966962 0.15614908]]
INFO - 13:54:28: 2%|▏ | 21/1000 [00:00<00:03, 299.15 it/sec, obj=[0.91967277 0.15614049]]
INFO - 13:54:28: Optimization result:
INFO - 13:54:28: Optimizer info:
INFO - 13:54:28: Status: None
INFO - 13:54:28: Message: Successive iterates of the design variables are closer than xtol_rel or xtol_abs. GEMSEO Stopped the driver
INFO - 13:54:28: Number of calls to the objective function by the optimizer: 7
INFO - 13:54:28: Solution:
INFO - 13:54:28: The solution is feasible.
INFO - 13:54:28: Objective: 0.04794255057736304
INFO - 13:54:28: Standardized constraints:
INFO - 13:54:28: beta_sub_optim_constraint = [-9.53889745e-14 1.10154941e-13]
INFO - 13:54:28: Design space:
INFO - 13:54:28: +------+-------------+----------------------+-------------+-------+
INFO - 13:54:28: | Name | Lower bound | Value | Upper bound | Type |
INFO - 13:54:28: +------+-------------+----------------------+-------------+-------+
INFO - 13:54:28: | x[0] | -4 | -0.3394642613023262 | 4 | float |
INFO - 13:54:28: | x[1] | -4 | -0.3394642613023261 | 4 | float |
INFO - 13:54:28: | x[2] | -4 | -0.339464261302326 | 4 | float |
INFO - 13:54:28: | t | -inf | -0.04794255057736304 | inf | float |
INFO - 13:54:28: +------+-------------+----------------------+-------------+-------+
INFO - 13:54:28: Solving mNBI sub-problem for beta = [0.22222222 0.77777778]
INFO - 13:54:28: Optimization problem:
INFO - 13:54:28: minimize -t_extraction
INFO - 13:54:28: with respect to t, x
INFO - 13:54:28: subject to constraints:
INFO - 13:54:28: beta_sub_optim_constraint <= 0.0
INFO - 13:54:28: over the design space:
INFO - 13:54:28: +------+-------------+----------------------+-------------+-------+
INFO - 13:54:28: | Name | Lower bound | Value | Upper bound | Type |
INFO - 13:54:28: +------+-------------+----------------------+-------------+-------+
INFO - 13:54:28: | x[0] | -4 | -0.3394642613023262 | 4 | float |
INFO - 13:54:28: | x[1] | -4 | -0.3394642613023261 | 4 | float |
INFO - 13:54:28: | x[2] | -4 | -0.339464261302326 | 4 | float |
INFO - 13:54:28: | t | -inf | -0.04794255057736304 | inf | float |
INFO - 13:54:28: +------+-------------+----------------------+-------------+-------+
INFO - 13:54:28: 2%|▏ | 22/1000 [00:00<00:03, 249.05 it/sec, obj=[0.91967277 0.15614049]]
INFO - 13:54:28: 2%|▏ | 23/1000 [00:00<00:03, 256.66 it/sec, obj=[0.84203912 0.33739501]]
INFO - 13:54:28: 2%|▏ | 24/1000 [00:00<00:03, 263.91 it/sec, obj=[0.85527677 0.31046303]]
INFO - 13:54:28: 2%|▎ | 25/1000 [00:00<00:03, 270.63 it/sec, obj=[0.85546004 0.31007996]]
INFO - 13:54:28: 3%|▎ | 26/1000 [00:00<00:03, 277.27 it/sec, obj=[0.85546008 0.31007988]]
INFO - 13:54:28: Optimization result:
INFO - 13:54:28: Optimizer info:
INFO - 13:54:28: Status: None
INFO - 13:54:28: Message: Successive iterates of the objective function are closer than ftol_rel or ftol_abs. GEMSEO Stopped the driver
INFO - 13:54:28: Number of calls to the objective function by the optimizer: 8
INFO - 13:54:28: Solution:
INFO - 13:54:28: The solution is feasible.
INFO - 13:54:28: Objective: 0.09364292443480814
INFO - 13:54:28: Standardized constraints:
INFO - 13:54:28: beta_sub_optim_constraint = [ 1.03119223e-09 -4.66331571e-10]
INFO - 13:54:28: Design space:
INFO - 13:54:28: +------+-------------+----------------------+-------------+-------+
INFO - 13:54:28: | Name | Lower bound | Value | Upper bound | Type |
INFO - 13:54:28: +------+-------------+----------------------+-------------+-------+
INFO - 13:54:28: | x[0] | -4 | -0.2256025149680226 | 4 | float |
INFO - 13:54:28: | x[1] | -4 | -0.2256025149680226 | 4 | float |
INFO - 13:54:28: | x[2] | -4 | -0.2256025149680226 | 4 | float |
INFO - 13:54:28: | t | -inf | -0.09364292443480814 | inf | float |
INFO - 13:54:28: +------+-------------+----------------------+-------------+-------+
INFO - 13:54:28: Solving mNBI sub-problem for beta = [0.33333333 0.66666667]
INFO - 13:54:28: Optimization problem:
INFO - 13:54:28: minimize -t_extraction
INFO - 13:54:28: with respect to t, x
INFO - 13:54:28: subject to constraints:
INFO - 13:54:28: beta_sub_optim_constraint <= 0.0
INFO - 13:54:28: over the design space:
INFO - 13:54:28: +------+-------------+----------------------+-------------+-------+
INFO - 13:54:28: | Name | Lower bound | Value | Upper bound | Type |
INFO - 13:54:28: +------+-------------+----------------------+-------------+-------+
INFO - 13:54:28: | x[0] | -4 | -0.2256025149680226 | 4 | float |
INFO - 13:54:28: | x[1] | -4 | -0.2256025149680226 | 4 | float |
INFO - 13:54:28: | x[2] | -4 | -0.2256025149680226 | 4 | float |
INFO - 13:54:28: | t | -inf | -0.09364292443480814 | inf | float |
INFO - 13:54:28: +------+-------------+----------------------+-------------+-------+
INFO - 13:54:28: 3%|▎ | 27/1000 [00:00<00:04, 241.39 it/sec, obj=[0.85546008 0.31007987]]
INFO - 13:54:28: 3%|▎ | 28/1000 [00:00<00:03, 247.50 it/sec, obj=[0.77161692 0.45984451]]
INFO - 13:54:28: 3%|▎ | 29/1000 [00:00<00:03, 253.11 it/sec, obj=[0.77767797 0.45048948]]
INFO - 13:54:28: 3%|▎ | 30/1000 [00:00<00:03, 258.54 it/sec, obj=[0.77769345 0.45046533]]
INFO - 13:54:28: Optimization result:
INFO - 13:54:28: Optimizer info:
INFO - 13:54:28: Status: None
INFO - 13:54:28: Message: Successive iterates of the design variables are closer than xtol_rel or xtol_abs. GEMSEO Stopped the driver
INFO - 13:54:28: Number of calls to the objective function by the optimizer: 6
INFO - 13:54:28: Solution:
INFO - 13:54:28: The solution is feasible.
INFO - 13:54:28: Objective: 0.1255364934686558
INFO - 13:54:28: Standardized constraints:
INFO - 13:54:28: beta_sub_optim_constraint = [-9.90765803e-12 -5.96217520e-13]
INFO - 13:54:28: Design space:
INFO - 13:54:28: +------+-------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+
INFO - 13:54:28: | Name | Lower bound | Value | Upper bound | Type |
INFO - 13:54:28: +------+-------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+
INFO - 13:54:28: | x[0] | -4 | -0.1306276041616624 | 4 | float |
INFO - 13:54:28: | x[1] | -4 | -0.1306276041616625 | 4 | float |
INFO - 13:54:28: | x[2] | -4 | -0.1306276041616625 | 4 | float |
INFO - 13:54:28: | t | -inf | -0.1255364934686558 | inf | float |
INFO - 13:54:28: +------+-------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+
INFO - 13:54:28: Solving mNBI sub-problem for beta = [0.44444444 0.55555556]
INFO - 13:54:28: Optimization problem:
INFO - 13:54:28: minimize -t_extraction
INFO - 13:54:28: with respect to t, x
INFO - 13:54:28: subject to constraints:
INFO - 13:54:28: beta_sub_optim_constraint <= 0.0
INFO - 13:54:28: over the design space:
INFO - 13:54:28: +------+-------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+
INFO - 13:54:28: | Name | Lower bound | Value | Upper bound | Type |
INFO - 13:54:28: +------+-------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+
INFO - 13:54:28: | x[0] | -4 | -0.1306276041616624 | 4 | float |
INFO - 13:54:28: | x[1] | -4 | -0.1306276041616625 | 4 | float |
INFO - 13:54:28: | x[2] | -4 | -0.1306276041616625 | 4 | float |
INFO - 13:54:28: | t | -inf | -0.1255364934686558 | inf | float |
INFO - 13:54:28: +------+-------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+
INFO - 13:54:28: 3%|▎ | 31/1000 [00:00<00:04, 231.07 it/sec, obj=[0.77769345 0.45046533]]
INFO - 13:54:28: 3%|▎ | 32/1000 [00:00<00:04, 235.76 it/sec, obj=[0.68170374 0.57895294]]
INFO - 13:54:28: 3%|▎ | 33/1000 [00:00<00:04, 240.63 it/sec, obj=[0.68463821 0.57556413]]
INFO - 13:54:28: 3%|▎ | 34/1000 [00:00<00:03, 245.41 it/sec, obj=[0.68463912 0.57556308]]
INFO - 13:54:28: Optimization result:
INFO - 13:54:28: Optimizer info:
INFO - 13:54:28: Status: None
INFO - 13:54:28: Message: Successive iterates of the design variables are closer than xtol_rel or xtol_abs. GEMSEO Stopped the driver
INFO - 13:54:28: Number of calls to the objective function by the optimizer: 6
INFO - 13:54:28: Solution:
INFO - 13:54:28: The solution is feasible.
INFO - 13:54:28: Objective: 0.14185712248151133
INFO - 13:54:28: Standardized constraints:
INFO - 13:54:28: beta_sub_optim_constraint = [1.02950981e-12 4.25381952e-13]
INFO - 13:54:28: Design space:
INFO - 13:54:28: +------+-------------+----------------------+-------------+-------+
INFO - 13:54:28: | Name | Lower bound | Value | Upper bound | Type |
INFO - 13:54:28: +------+-------------+----------------------+-------------+-------+
INFO - 13:54:28: | x[0] | -4 | -0.04287486268043029 | 4 | float |
INFO - 13:54:28: | x[1] | -4 | -0.04287486268043034 | 4 | float |
INFO - 13:54:28: | x[2] | -4 | -0.04287486268043035 | 4 | float |
INFO - 13:54:28: | t | -inf | -0.1418571224815113 | inf | float |
INFO - 13:54:28: +------+-------------+----------------------+-------------+-------+
INFO - 13:54:28: Solving mNBI sub-problem for beta = [0.55555556 0.44444444]
INFO - 13:54:28: Optimization problem:
INFO - 13:54:28: minimize -t_extraction
INFO - 13:54:28: with respect to t, x
INFO - 13:54:28: subject to constraints:
INFO - 13:54:28: beta_sub_optim_constraint <= 0.0
INFO - 13:54:28: over the design space:
INFO - 13:54:28: +------+-------------+----------------------+-------------+-------+
INFO - 13:54:28: | Name | Lower bound | Value | Upper bound | Type |
INFO - 13:54:28: +------+-------------+----------------------+-------------+-------+
INFO - 13:54:28: | x[0] | -4 | -0.04287486268043029 | 4 | float |
INFO - 13:54:28: | x[1] | -4 | -0.04287486268043034 | 4 | float |
INFO - 13:54:28: | x[2] | -4 | -0.04287486268043035 | 4 | float |
INFO - 13:54:28: | t | -inf | -0.1418571224815113 | inf | float |
INFO - 13:54:28: +------+-------------+----------------------+-------------+-------+
INFO - 13:54:28: 4%|▎ | 35/1000 [00:00<00:04, 221.78 it/sec, obj=[0.68463912 0.57556308]]
INFO - 13:54:28: 4%|▎ | 36/1000 [00:00<00:04, 225.34 it/sec, obj=[0.57513103 0.68501143]]
INFO - 13:54:28: 4%|▎ | 37/1000 [00:00<00:04, 229.52 it/sec, obj=[0.5755631 0.6846391]]
INFO - 13:54:28: 4%|▍ | 38/1000 [00:00<00:04, 233.60 it/sec, obj=[0.57556308 0.68463912]]
INFO - 13:54:28: Optimization result:
INFO - 13:54:28: Optimizer info:
INFO - 13:54:28: Status: None
INFO - 13:54:28: Message: Successive iterates of the objective function are closer than ftol_rel or ftol_abs. GEMSEO Stopped the driver
INFO - 13:54:28: Number of calls to the objective function by the optimizer: 7
INFO - 13:54:28: Solution:
INFO - 13:54:28: The solution is feasible.
INFO - 13:54:28: Objective: 0.14185712248204044
INFO - 13:54:28: Standardized constraints:
INFO - 13:54:28: beta_sub_optim_constraint = [1.42996726e-13 3.05810932e-13]
INFO - 13:54:28: Design space:
INFO - 13:54:28: +------+-------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+
INFO - 13:54:28: | Name | Lower bound | Value | Upper bound | Type |
INFO - 13:54:28: +------+-------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+
INFO - 13:54:28: | x[0] | -4 | 0.04287486268025626 | 4 | float |
INFO - 13:54:28: | x[1] | -4 | 0.04287486268025616 | 4 | float |
INFO - 13:54:28: | x[2] | -4 | 0.04287486268025619 | 4 | float |
INFO - 13:54:28: | t | -inf | -0.1418571224820404 | inf | float |
INFO - 13:54:28: +------+-------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+
INFO - 13:54:28: Solving mNBI sub-problem for beta = [0.66666667 0.33333333]
INFO - 13:54:29: Optimization problem:
INFO - 13:54:29: minimize -t_extraction
INFO - 13:54:29: with respect to t, x
INFO - 13:54:29: subject to constraints:
INFO - 13:54:29: beta_sub_optim_constraint <= 0.0
INFO - 13:54:29: over the design space:
INFO - 13:54:29: +------+-------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+
INFO - 13:54:29: | Name | Lower bound | Value | Upper bound | Type |
INFO - 13:54:29: +------+-------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+
INFO - 13:54:29: | x[0] | -4 | 0.04287486268025626 | 4 | float |
INFO - 13:54:29: | x[1] | -4 | 0.04287486268025616 | 4 | float |
INFO - 13:54:29: | x[2] | -4 | 0.04287486268025619 | 4 | float |
INFO - 13:54:29: | t | -inf | -0.1418571224820404 | inf | float |
INFO - 13:54:29: +------+-------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+
INFO - 13:54:29: 4%|▍ | 39/1000 [00:00<00:04, 213.50 it/sec, obj=[0.57556308 0.68463912]]
INFO - 13:54:29: 4%|▍ | 40/1000 [00:00<00:04, 217.08 it/sec, obj=[0.45294727 0.77609783]]
INFO - 13:54:29: 4%|▍ | 41/1000 [00:00<00:04, 220.78 it/sec, obj=[0.45046707 0.77769234]]
INFO - 13:54:29: 4%|▍ | 42/1000 [00:00<00:04, 224.38 it/sec, obj=[0.45046533 0.77769345]]
INFO - 13:54:29: Optimization result:
INFO - 13:54:29: Optimizer info:
INFO - 13:54:29: Status: None
INFO - 13:54:29: Message: Successive iterates of the design variables are closer than xtol_rel or xtol_abs. GEMSEO Stopped the driver
INFO - 13:54:29: Number of calls to the objective function by the optimizer: 6
INFO - 13:54:29: Solution:
INFO - 13:54:29: The solution is feasible.
INFO - 13:54:29: Objective: 0.1255364934616085
INFO - 13:54:29: Standardized constraints:
INFO - 13:54:29: beta_sub_optim_constraint = [1.48561718e-13 9.68516933e-13]
INFO - 13:54:29: Design space:
INFO - 13:54:29: +------+-------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+
INFO - 13:54:29: | Name | Lower bound | Value | Upper bound | Type |
INFO - 13:54:29: +------+-------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+
INFO - 13:54:29: | x[0] | -4 | 0.1306276041658536 | 4 | float |
INFO - 13:54:29: | x[1] | -4 | 0.1306276041658536 | 4 | float |
INFO - 13:54:29: | x[2] | -4 | 0.1306276041658536 | 4 | float |
INFO - 13:54:29: | t | -inf | -0.1255364934616085 | inf | float |
INFO - 13:54:29: +------+-------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+
INFO - 13:54:29: Solving mNBI sub-problem for beta = [0.77777778 0.22222222]
INFO - 13:54:29: Optimization problem:
INFO - 13:54:29: minimize -t_extraction
INFO - 13:54:29: with respect to t, x
INFO - 13:54:29: subject to constraints:
INFO - 13:54:29: beta_sub_optim_constraint <= 0.0
INFO - 13:54:29: over the design space:
INFO - 13:54:29: +------+-------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+
INFO - 13:54:29: | Name | Lower bound | Value | Upper bound | Type |
INFO - 13:54:29: +------+-------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+
INFO - 13:54:29: | x[0] | -4 | 0.1306276041658536 | 4 | float |
INFO - 13:54:29: | x[1] | -4 | 0.1306276041658536 | 4 | float |
INFO - 13:54:29: | x[2] | -4 | 0.1306276041658536 | 4 | float |
INFO - 13:54:29: | t | -inf | -0.1255364934616085 | inf | float |
INFO - 13:54:29: +------+-------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+
INFO - 13:54:29: 4%|▍ | 43/1000 [00:00<00:04, 208.56 it/sec, obj=[0.45046533 0.77769345]]
INFO - 13:54:29: 4%|▍ | 44/1000 [00:00<00:04, 211.84 it/sec, obj=[0.31697497 0.85214023]]
INFO - 13:54:29: 4%|▍ | 45/1000 [00:00<00:04, 215.13 it/sec, obj=[0.31010616 0.85544751]]
INFO - 13:54:29: 5%|▍ | 46/1000 [00:00<00:04, 218.42 it/sec, obj=[0.31007988 0.85546008]]
INFO - 13:54:29: Optimization result:
INFO - 13:54:29: Optimizer info:
INFO - 13:54:29: Status: None
INFO - 13:54:29: Message: Successive iterates of the design variables are closer than xtol_rel or xtol_abs. GEMSEO Stopped the driver
INFO - 13:54:29: Number of calls to the objective function by the optimizer: 6
INFO - 13:54:29: Solution:
INFO - 13:54:29: The solution is feasible.
INFO - 13:54:29: Objective: 0.09364292499323551
INFO - 13:54:29: Standardized constraints:
INFO - 13:54:29: beta_sub_optim_constraint = [ 8.56675841e-13 -2.60819144e-12]
INFO - 13:54:29: Design space:
INFO - 13:54:29: +------+-------------+----------------------+-------------+-------+
INFO - 13:54:29: | Name | Lower bound | Value | Upper bound | Type |
INFO - 13:54:29: +------+-------------+----------------------+-------------+-------+
INFO - 13:54:29: | x[0] | -4 | 0.225602514270673 | 4 | float |
INFO - 13:54:29: | x[1] | -4 | 0.2256025142706731 | 4 | float |
INFO - 13:54:29: | x[2] | -4 | 0.225602514270673 | 4 | float |
INFO - 13:54:29: | t | -inf | -0.09364292499323551 | inf | float |
INFO - 13:54:29: +------+-------------+----------------------+-------------+-------+
INFO - 13:54:29: Solving mNBI sub-problem for beta = [0.88888889 0.11111111]
INFO - 13:54:29: Optimization problem:
INFO - 13:54:29: minimize -t_extraction
INFO - 13:54:29: with respect to t, x
INFO - 13:54:29: subject to constraints:
INFO - 13:54:29: beta_sub_optim_constraint <= 0.0
INFO - 13:54:29: over the design space:
INFO - 13:54:29: +------+-------------+----------------------+-------------+-------+
INFO - 13:54:29: | Name | Lower bound | Value | Upper bound | Type |
INFO - 13:54:29: +------+-------------+----------------------+-------------+-------+
INFO - 13:54:29: | x[0] | -4 | 0.225602514270673 | 4 | float |
INFO - 13:54:29: | x[1] | -4 | 0.2256025142706731 | 4 | float |
INFO - 13:54:29: | x[2] | -4 | 0.225602514270673 | 4 | float |
INFO - 13:54:29: | t | -inf | -0.09364292499323551 | inf | float |
INFO - 13:54:29: +------+-------------+----------------------+-------------+-------+
INFO - 13:54:29: 5%|▍ | 47/1000 [00:00<00:04, 204.77 it/sec, obj=[0.31007988 0.85546008]]
INFO - 13:54:29: 5%|▍ | 48/1000 [00:00<00:04, 207.88 it/sec, obj=[0.17146323 0.91399085]]
INFO - 13:54:29: 5%|▍ | 49/1000 [00:00<00:04, 211.04 it/sec, obj=[0.15642562 0.91956815]]
INFO - 13:54:29: 5%|▌ | 50/1000 [00:00<00:04, 214.00 it/sec, obj=[0.1561406 0.91967273]]
INFO - 13:54:29: 5%|▌ | 51/1000 [00:00<00:04, 216.90 it/sec, obj=[0.15614049 0.91967277]]
INFO - 13:54:29: Optimization result:
INFO - 13:54:29: Optimizer info:
INFO - 13:54:29: Status: None
INFO - 13:54:29: Message: Successive iterates of the design variables are closer than xtol_rel or xtol_abs. GEMSEO Stopped the driver
INFO - 13:54:29: Number of calls to the objective function by the optimizer: 7
INFO - 13:54:29: Solution:
INFO - 13:54:29: The solution is feasible.
INFO - 13:54:29: Objective: 0.04794255057731033
INFO - 13:54:29: Standardized constraints:
INFO - 13:54:29: beta_sub_optim_constraint = [-1.83464355e-14 2.24126273e-14]
INFO - 13:54:29: Design space:
INFO - 13:54:29: +------+-------------+----------------------+-------------+-------+
INFO - 13:54:29: | Name | Lower bound | Value | Upper bound | Type |
INFO - 13:54:29: +------+-------------+----------------------+-------------+-------+
INFO - 13:54:29: | x[0] | -4 | 0.3394642613024756 | 4 | float |
INFO - 13:54:29: | x[1] | -4 | 0.3394642613024756 | 4 | float |
INFO - 13:54:29: | x[2] | -4 | 0.3394642613024756 | 4 | float |
INFO - 13:54:29: | t | -inf | -0.04794255057731033 | inf | float |
INFO - 13:54:29: +------+-------------+----------------------+-------------+-------+
INFO - 13:54:29: 5%|▌ | 52/1000 [00:00<00:04, 206.77 it/sec, obj=[0.15614049 0.91967277]]
INFO - 13:54:29: Optimization result:
INFO - 13:54:29: Optimizer info:
INFO - 13:54:29: Status: None
INFO - 13:54:29: Message: None
INFO - 13:54:29: Number of calls to the objective function by the optimizer: 80
INFO - 13:54:29: Solution:
INFO - 13:54:29: Objective: 0.8939534673502061
INFO - 13:54:29: Pareto efficient solutions:
INFO - 13:54:29: Pareto optimal points : 42 / 52
INFO - 13:54:29: Utopia point : [0. 0.]
INFO - 13:54:29: Compromise solution (closest to utopia) : [[0.63212056 0.63212056]]
INFO - 13:54:29: Distance from utopia : 0.8939534673502061
INFO - 13:54:29: Objective values:
INFO - 13:54:29: +------+----------+----------+----------+
INFO - 13:54:29: | name | 1 | 2 | 3 |
INFO - 13:54:29: +------+----------+----------+----------+
INFO - 13:54:29: | 1 | 0 | 0.981684 | 0.632121 |
INFO - 13:54:29: | 2 | 0.981684 | 0 | 0.632121 |
INFO - 13:54:29: +------+----------+----------+----------+
INFO - 13:54:29: Design space:
INFO - 13:54:29: +-------+-------------+---------+----------+---+-------------+-------+
INFO - 13:54:29: | name | lower_bound | 1 | 2 | 3 | upper_bound | type |
INFO - 13:54:29: +-------+-------------+---------+----------+---+-------------+-------+
INFO - 13:54:29: | x (1) | -4 | 0.57735 | -0.57735 | 0 | 4 | float |
INFO - 13:54:29: | x (2) | -4 | 0.57735 | -0.57735 | 0 | 4 | float |
INFO - 13:54:29: | x (3) | -4 | 0.57735 | -0.57735 | 0 | 4 | float |
INFO - 13:54:29: +-------+-------------+---------+----------+---+-------------+-------+
Display the Pareto front¶
We can clearly see the effect of the refinement.
execute_post(opt_problem, "ParetoFront", save=False, show=True)
<gemseo.post.pareto_front.ParetoFront object at 0x7f28ec140610>
Total running time of the script: (0 minutes 0.748 seconds)