gemseo / algos

driver_lib module

Driver library.

A driver library aims to solve an OptimizationProblem using a particular algorithm from a particular family of numerical methods. This algorithm will be in charge of evaluating the objective and constraints functions at different points of the design space, using the DriverLib.execute() method. The most famous kinds of numerical methods to solve an optimization problem are optimization algorithms and design of experiments (DOE). A DOE driver browses the design space agnostically, i.e. without taking into account the function evaluations. On the contrary, an optimization algorithm uses this information to make the journey through design space as relevant as possible in order to reach as soon as possible the optimum. These families are implemented in DOELibrary and OptimizationLibrary.

class gemseo.algos.driver_lib.DriverDescription(algorithm_name, internal_algorithm_name, library_name='', description='', website='', handle_integer_variables=False, require_gradient=False)[source]

Bases: gemseo.algos.algo_lib.AlgorithmDescription

The description of a driver.

Parameters

  • algorithm_name (str) –

  • internal_algorithm_name (str) –

  • library_name (str) –

    By default it is set to .

  • description (str) –

    By default it is set to .

  • website (str) –

    By default it is set to .

  • handle_integer_variables (bool) –

    By default it is set to False.

  • require_gradient (bool) –

    By default it is set to False.

Return type

None

algorithm_name: str

The name of the algorithm in GEMSEO.

description: str = ''

A description of the algorithm.

handle_integer_variables: bool = False

Whether the optimization algorithm handles integer variables.

internal_algorithm_name: str

The name of the algorithm in the wrapped library.

library_name: str = ''

The name of the wrapped library.

require_gradient: bool = False

Whether the optimization algorithm requires the gradient.

website: str = ''

The website of the wrapped library or algorithm.

class gemseo.algos.driver_lib.DriverLib[source]

Bases: gemseo.algos.algo_lib.AlgoLib

Abstract class for DOE & optimization libraries interfaces.

Lists available methods in the library for the proposed problem to be solved.

To integrate an optimization package, inherit from this class and put your file in gemseo.algos.doe or gemseo.algo.opt packages.

deactivate_progress_bar()[source]

Deactivate the progress bar.

Return type

None

driver_has_option(option_name)

Check the existence of an option.

Parameters

option_name (str) – The name of the option.

Returns

Whether the option exists.

Return type

bool

ensure_bounds(orig_func, normalize=True)[source]

Project the design vector onto the design space before execution.

Parameters

  • orig_func – The original function.

  • normalize –

    Whether to use the normalized design space.

    By default it is set to True.

Returns

A function calling the original function with the input data projected onto the design space.

execute(problem, algo_name=None, eval_obs_jac=False, skip_int_check=False, **options)[source]

Execute the driver.

Parameters

  • problem (OptimizationProblem) – The problem to be solved.

  • algo_name (str | None) –

    The name of the algorithm. If None, use the algo_name attribute which may have been set by the factory.

    By default it is set to None.

  • eval_obs_jac (bool) –

    Whether to evaluate the Jacobian of the observables.

    By default it is set to False.

  • skip_int_check (bool) –

    Whether to skip the integer variable handling check of the selected algorithm.

    By default it is set to False.

  • **options (DriverLibOptionType) – The options for the algorithm.

Returns

The optimization result.

Raises

ValueError – If algo_name was not either set by the factory or given as an argument.

Return type

OptimizationResult

filter_adapted_algorithms(problem)

Filter the algorithms capable of solving the problem.

Parameters

problem (Any) – The problem to be solved.

Returns

The names of the algorithms adapted to this problem.

Return type

list[str]

finalize_iter_observer()[source]

Finalize the iteration observer.

Return type

None

get_optimum_from_database(message=None, status=None)[source]

Retrieves the optimum from the database and builds an optimization result object from it.

get_x0_and_bounds_vects(normalize_ds)[source]

Gets x0, bounds, normalized or not depending on algo options, all as numpy arrays.

Parameters

normalize_ds – Whether to normalize the input variables that are not integers, according to the normalization policy of the design space.

Returns

The current value, the lower bounds and the upper bounds.

init_iter_observer(max_iter, message)[source]

Initialize the iteration observer.

It will handle the stopping criterion and the logging of the progress bar.

Parameters

  • max_iter (int) – The maximum number of iterations.

  • message (str) – The message to display at the beginning.

Raises

ValueError – If the max_iter is not greater than or equal to one.

Return type

None

init_options_grammar(algo_name)

Initialize the options grammar.

Parameters

algo_name (str) – The name of the algorithm.

Return type

gemseo.core.grammars.json_grammar.JSONGrammar

is_algo_requires_grad(algo_name)[source]

Returns True if the algorithm requires a gradient evaluation.

Parameters

algo_name – The name of the algorithm.

static is_algorithm_suited(algorithm_description, problem)

Check if the algorithm is suited to the problem according to its description.

Parameters
Returns

Whether the algorithm is suited to the problem.

Return type

bool

new_iteration_callback(x_vect=None)[source]

Callback called at each new iteration, i.e. every time a design vector that is not already in the database is proposed by the optimizer.

Iterate the progress bar, implement the stop criteria.

Parameters

x_vect (ndarray | None) –

The design variables values. If None, use the values of the last iteration.

By default it is set to None.

Raises

MaxTimeReached – If the elapsed time is greater than the maximum execution time.

Return type

None

COMPLEX_STEP_METHOD = 'complex_step'
DIFFERENTIATION_METHODS = ['user', 'complex_step', 'finite_differences']
EQ_TOLERANCE = 'eq_tolerance'
EVAL_OBS_JAC_OPTION = 'eval_obs_jac'
FINITE_DIFF_METHOD = 'finite_differences'
INEQ_TOLERANCE = 'ineq_tolerance'
LIBRARY_NAME: ClassVar[str | None] = None

The name of the interfaced library.

MAX_DS_SIZE_PRINT = 40
MAX_TIME = 'max_time'
NORMALIZE_DESIGN_SPACE_OPTION = 'normalize_design_space'
OPTIONS_DIR: Final[str] = 'options'

The name of the directory containing the files of the grammars of the options.

OPTIONS_MAP: dict[str, str] = {}

The names of the options in GEMSEO mapping to those in the wrapped library.

ROUND_INTS_OPTION = 'round_ints'
USER_DEFINED_GRADIENT = 'user'
USE_DATABASE_OPTION = 'use_database'
activate_progress_bar: ClassVar[bool] = True

Whether to activate the progress bar in the optimization log.

algo_name: str | None

The name of the algorithm used currently.

property algorithms: list[str]

The available algorithms.

descriptions: dict[str, AlgorithmDescription]

The description of the algorithms contained in the library.

internal_algo_name: str | None

The internal name of the algorithm used currently.

It typically corresponds to the name of the algorithm in the wrapped library if any.

opt_grammar: JSONGrammar | None

The grammar defining the options of the current algorithm.

problem: Any | None

The problem to be solved.

class gemseo.algos.driver_lib.ProgressBar(*_, **__)[source]

Bases: tqdm.std.tqdm

Extend tqdm progress bar with better time units.

Use hour, day or week for slower processes.

Parameters

  • iterable (iterable, optional) – Iterable to decorate with a progressbar. Leave blank to manually manage the updates.

  • desc (str, optional) – Prefix for the progressbar.

  • total (int or float, optional) – The number of expected iterations. If unspecified, len(iterable) is used if possible. If float(“inf”) or as a last resort, only basic progress statistics are displayed (no ETA, no progressbar). If gui is True and this parameter needs subsequent updating, specify an initial arbitrary large positive number, e.g. 9e9.

  • leave (bool, optional) – If [default: True], keeps all traces of the progressbar upon termination of iteration. If None, will leave only if position is 0.

  • file (io.TextIOWrapper or io.StringIO, optional) – Specifies where to output the progress messages (default: sys.stderr). Uses file.write(str) and file.flush() methods. For encoding, see write_bytes.

  • ncols (int, optional) – The width of the entire output message. If specified, dynamically resizes the progressbar to stay within this bound. If unspecified, attempts to use environment width. The fallback is a meter width of 10 and no limit for the counter and statistics. If 0, will not print any meter (only stats).

  • mininterval (float, optional) – Minimum progress display update interval [default: 0.1] seconds.

  • maxinterval (float, optional) – Maximum progress display update interval [default: 10] seconds. Automatically adjusts miniters to correspond to mininterval after long display update lag. Only works if dynamic_miniters or monitor thread is enabled.

  • miniters (int or float, optional) – Minimum progress display update interval, in iterations. If 0 and dynamic_miniters, will automatically adjust to equal mininterval (more CPU efficient, good for tight loops). If > 0, will skip display of specified number of iterations. Tweak this and mininterval to get very efficient loops. If your progress is erratic with both fast and slow iterations (network, skipping items, etc) you should set miniters=1.

  • ascii (bool or str, optional) – If unspecified or False, use unicode (smooth blocks) to fill the meter. The fallback is to use ASCII characters ” 123456789#”.

  • disable (bool, optional) – Whether to disable the entire progressbar wrapper [default: False]. If set to None, disable on non-TTY.

  • unit (str, optional) – String that will be used to define the unit of each iteration [default: it].

  • unit_scale (bool or int or float, optional) – If 1 or True, the number of iterations will be reduced/scaled automatically and a metric prefix following the International System of Units standard will be added (kilo, mega, etc.) [default: False]. If any other non-zero number, will scale total and n.

  • dynamic_ncols (bool, optional) – If set, constantly alters ncols and nrows to the environment (allowing for window resizes) [default: False].

  • smoothing (float, optional) – Exponential moving average smoothing factor for speed estimates (ignored in GUI mode). Ranges from 0 (average speed) to 1 (current/instantaneous speed) [default: 0.3].

  • bar_format (str, optional) –

    Specify a custom bar string formatting. May impact performance. [default: ‘{l_bar}{bar}{r_bar}’], where l_bar=’{desc}: {percentage:3.0f}%|’ and r_bar=’| {n_fmt}/{total_fmt} [{elapsed}<{remaining}, ‘

    ’{rate_fmt}{postfix}]’

    Possible vars: l_bar, bar, r_bar, n, n_fmt, total, total_fmt,

    percentage, elapsed, elapsed_s, ncols, nrows, desc, unit, rate, rate_fmt, rate_noinv, rate_noinv_fmt, rate_inv, rate_inv_fmt, postfix, unit_divisor, remaining, remaining_s, eta.

    Note that a trailing “: ” is automatically removed after {desc} if the latter is empty.

  • initial (int or float, optional) – The initial counter value. Useful when restarting a progress bar [default: 0]. If using float, consider specifying {n:.3f} or similar in bar_format, or specifying unit_scale.

  • position (int, optional) – Specify the line offset to print this bar (starting from 0) Automatic if unspecified. Useful to manage multiple bars at once (eg, from threads).

  • postfix (dict or *, optional) – Specify additional stats to display at the end of the bar. Calls set_postfix(**postfix) if possible (dict).

  • unit_divisor (float, optional) – [default: 1000], ignored unless unit_scale is True.

  • write_bytes (bool, optional) – If (default: None) and file is unspecified, bytes will be written in Python 2. If True will also write bytes. In all other cases will default to unicode.

  • lock_args (tuple, optional) – Passed to refresh for intermediate output (initialisation, iterating, and updating).

  • nrows (int, optional) – The screen height. If specified, hides nested bars outside this bound. If unspecified, attempts to use environment height. The fallback is 20.

  • colour (str, optional) – Bar colour (e.g. ‘green’, ‘#00ff00’).

  • delay (float, optional) – Don’t display until [default: 0] seconds have elapsed.

  • gui (bool, optional) – WARNING: internal parameter - do not use. Use tqdm.gui.tqdm(…) instead. If set, will attempt to use matplotlib animations for a graphical output [default: False].

Returns

out

Return type

decorated iterator.

clear(nolock=False)

Clear current bar display.

close()

Cleanup and (if leave=False) close the progressbar.

display(msg=None, pos=None)

Use self.sp to display msg in the specified pos.

Consider overloading this function when inheriting to use e.g.: self.some_frontend(**self.format_dict) instead of self.sp.

Parameters

  • msg (str, optional. What to display (default: repr(self)).) – By default it is set to None.

  • pos (int, optional. Position to moveto) –

    (default: abs(self.pos)).

    By default it is set to None.

classmethod external_write_mode(file=None, nolock=False)

Disable tqdm within context and refresh tqdm when exits. Useful when writing to standard output stream

static format_interval(t)

Formats a number of seconds as a clock time, [H:]MM:SS

Parameters

t (int) – Number of seconds.

Returns

out – [H:]MM:SS

Return type

str

classmethod format_meter(n, total, elapsed, **kwargs)[source]

Return a string-based progress bar given some parameters

Parameters

  • n (int or float) – Number of finished iterations.

  • total (int or float) – The expected total number of iterations. If meaningless (None), only basic progress statistics are displayed (no ETA).

  • elapsed (float) – Number of seconds passed since start.

  • ncols (int, optional) – The width of the entire output message. If specified, dynamically resizes {bar} to stay within this bound [default: None]. If 0, will not print any bar (only stats). The fallback is {bar:10}.

  • prefix (str, optional) – Prefix message (included in total width) [default: ‘’]. Use as {desc} in bar_format string.

  • ascii (bool, optional or str, optional) – If not set, use unicode (smooth blocks) to fill the meter [default: False]. The fallback is to use ASCII characters ” 123456789#”.

  • unit (str, optional) – The iteration unit [default: ‘it’].

  • unit_scale (bool or int or float, optional) – If 1 or True, the number of iterations will be printed with an appropriate SI metric prefix (k = 10^3, M = 10^6, etc.) [default: False]. If any other non-zero number, will scale total and n.

  • rate (float, optional) – Manual override for iteration rate. If [default: None], uses n/elapsed.

  • bar_format (str, optional) –

    Specify a custom bar string formatting. May impact performance. [default: ‘{l_bar}{bar}{r_bar}’], where l_bar=’{desc}: {percentage:3.0f}%|’ and r_bar=’| {n_fmt}/{total_fmt} [{elapsed}<{remaining}, ‘

    ’{rate_fmt}{postfix}]’

    Possible vars: l_bar, bar, r_bar, n, n_fmt, total, total_fmt,

    percentage, elapsed, elapsed_s, ncols, nrows, desc, unit, rate, rate_fmt, rate_noinv, rate_noinv_fmt, rate_inv, rate_inv_fmt, postfix, unit_divisor, remaining, remaining_s, eta.

    Note that a trailing “: ” is automatically removed after {desc} if the latter is empty.

  • postfix (*, optional) – Similar to prefix, but placed at the end (e.g. for additional stats). Note: postfix is usually a string (not a dict) for this method, and will if possible be set to postfix = ‘, ‘ + postfix. However other types are supported (#382).

  • unit_divisor (float, optional) – [default: 1000], ignored unless unit_scale is True.

  • initial (int or float, optional) – The initial counter value [default: 0].

  • colour (str, optional) – Bar colour (e.g. ‘green’, ‘#00ff00’).

Returns

out

Return type

Formatted meter and stats, ready to display.

static format_num(n)

Intelligent scientific notation (.3g).

Parameters

n (int or float or Numeric) – A Number.

Returns

out – Formatted number.

Return type

str

static format_sizeof(num, suffix='', divisor=1000)

Formats a number (greater than unity) with SI Order of Magnitude prefixes.

Parameters

  • num (float) – Number ( >= 1) to format.

  • suffix (str, optional) –

    Post-postfix [default: ‘’].

    By default it is set to .

  • divisor (float, optional) –

    Divisor between prefixes [default: 1000].

    By default it is set to 1000.

Returns

out – Number with Order of Magnitude SI unit postfix.

Return type

str

classmethod get_lock()

Get the global lock. Construct it if it does not exist.

moveto(n)
classmethod pandas(**tqdm_kwargs)
Registers the current tqdm class with

pandas.core. ( frame.DataFrame | series.Series | groupby.(generic.)DataFrameGroupBy | groupby.(generic.)SeriesGroupBy ).progress_apply

A new instance will be created every time progress_apply is called, and each instance will automatically close() upon completion.

Parameters

tqdm_kwargs (arguments for the tqdm instance) –

Examples

>>> import pandas as pd
>>> import numpy as np
>>> from tqdm import tqdm
>>> from tqdm.gui import tqdm as tqdm_gui
>>>
>>> df = pd.DataFrame(np.random.randint(0, 100, (100000, 6)))
>>> tqdm.pandas(ncols=50)  # can use tqdm_gui, optional kwargs, etc
>>> # Now you can use `progress_apply` instead of `apply`
>>> df.groupby(0).progress_apply(lambda x: x**2)

References

<https://stackoverflow.com/questions/18603270/ progress-indicator-during-pandas-operations-python>

refresh(nolock=False, lock_args=None)

Force refresh the display of this bar.

Parameters

  • nolock (bool, optional) –

    If True, does not lock. If [default: False]: calls acquire() on internal lock.

    By default it is set to False.

  • lock_args (tuple, optional) –

    Passed to internal lock’s acquire(). If specified, will only display() if acquire() returns True.

    By default it is set to None.

reset(total=None)

Resets to 0 iterations for repeated use.

Consider combining with leave=True.

Parameters

total (int or float, optional. Total to use for the new bar.) – By default it is set to None.

set_description(desc=None, refresh=True)

Set/modify description of the progress bar.

Parameters

  • desc (str, optional) – By default it is set to None.

  • refresh (bool, optional) –

    Forces refresh [default: True].

    By default it is set to True.

set_description_str(desc=None, refresh=True)

Set/modify description without ‘: ‘ appended.

classmethod set_lock(lock)

Set the global lock.

set_postfix(ordered_dict=None, refresh=True, **kwargs)

Set/modify postfix (additional stats) with automatic formatting based on datatype.

Parameters

  • ordered_dict (dict or OrderedDict, optional) – By default it is set to None.

  • refresh (bool, optional) –

    Forces refresh [default: True].

    By default it is set to True.

  • kwargs (dict, optional) –

set_postfix_str(s='', refresh=True)

Postfix without dictionary expansion, similar to prefix handling.

status_printer(file)[source]

Overload the status_printer method to avoid the use of closures.

Parameters

file (io.TextIOWrapper | io.StringIO) – Specifies where to output the progress messages.

Returns

The function to print the status in the progress bar.

Return type

Callable[[str], None]

unpause()

Restart tqdm timer from last print time.

update(n=1)

Manually update the progress bar, useful for streams such as reading files. E.g.: >>> t = tqdm(total=filesize) # Initialise >>> for current_buffer in stream: … … … t.update(len(current_buffer)) >>> t.close() The last line is highly recommended, but possibly not necessary if t.update() will be called in such a way that filesize will be exactly reached and printed.

Parameters

n (int or float, optional) –

Increment to add to the internal counter of iterations [default: 1]. If using float, consider specifying {n:.3f} or similar in bar_format, or specifying unit_scale.

By default it is set to 1.

Returns

out – True if a display() was triggered.

Return type

bool or None

classmethod wrapattr(stream, method, total=None, bytes=True, **tqdm_kwargs)

stream : file-like object. method : str, “read” or “write”. The result of read() and

the first argument of write() should have a len().

>>> with tqdm.wrapattr(file_obj, "read", total=file_obj.size) as fobj:
...     while True:
...         chunk = fobj.read(chunk_size)
...         if not chunk:
...             break
classmethod write(s, file=None, end='\n', nolock=False)

Print a message via tqdm (without overlap with bars).

property format_dict

Public API for read-only member access.

monitor = <TMonitor(Thread-2, started daemon 139813826549504)>
monitor_interval = 10
class gemseo.algos.driver_lib.TqdmToLogger(initial_value='', newline='\n')[source]

Bases: _io.StringIO

Redirect tqdm output to the gemseo logger.

close()

Close the IO object.

Attempting any further operation after the object is closed will raise a ValueError.

This method has no effect if the file is already closed.

detach()

Separate the underlying buffer from the TextIOBase and return it.

After the underlying buffer has been detached, the TextIO is in an unusable state.

fileno()

Returns underlying file descriptor if one exists.

OSError is raised if the IO object does not use a file descriptor.

flush()

Flush write buffers, if applicable.

This is not implemented for read-only and non-blocking streams.

getvalue()

Retrieve the entire contents of the object.

isatty()

Return whether this is an ‘interactive’ stream.

Return False if it can’t be determined.

read(size=- 1, /)

Read at most size characters, returned as a string.

If the argument is negative or omitted, read until EOF is reached. Return an empty string at EOF.

readable()

Returns True if the IO object can be read.

readline(size=- 1, /)

Read until newline or EOF.

Returns an empty string if EOF is hit immediately.

readlines(hint=- 1, /)

Return a list of lines from the stream.

hint can be specified to control the number of lines read: no more lines will be read if the total size (in bytes/characters) of all lines so far exceeds hint.

seek(pos, whence=0, /)

Change stream position.

Seek to character offset pos relative to position indicated by whence:

0 Start of stream (the default). pos should be >= 0; 1 Current position - pos must be 0; 2 End of stream - pos must be 0.

Returns the new absolute position.

seekable()

Returns True if the IO object can be seeked.

tell()

Tell the current file position.

truncate(pos=None, /)

Truncate size to pos.

The pos argument defaults to the current file position, as returned by tell(). The current file position is unchanged. Returns the new absolute position.

writable()

Returns True if the IO object can be written.

write(buf)[source]

Write buffer.

writelines(lines, /)

Write a list of lines to stream.

Line separators are not added, so it is usual for each of the lines provided to have a line separator at the end.

closed
encoding

Encoding of the text stream.

Subclasses should override.

errors

The error setting of the decoder or encoder.

Subclasses should override.

line_buffering
newlines