Source code for gemseo.core.jacobian_assembly

# Copyright 2021 IRT Saint Exupéry, https://www.irt-saintexupery.com
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# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
# Lesser General Public License for more details.
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# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
# along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
# Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA  02110-1301, USA.
# Contributors:
#    INITIAL AUTHORS - initial API and implementation and/or initial
#                         documentation
#        :author: Francois Gallard, Charlie Vanaret
#    OTHER AUTHORS   - MACROSCOPIC CHANGES
"""Coupled derivatives calculations."""
from __future__ import annotations

import itertools
from collections import defaultdict

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from numpy import atleast_2d
from numpy import concatenate
from numpy import empty
from numpy import ones
from numpy import zeros
from scipy.sparse import dia_matrix
from scipy.sparse import dok_matrix
from scipy.sparse import vstack
from scipy.sparse.csc import csc_matrix
from scipy.sparse.linalg.dsolve.linsolve import factorized
from scipy.sparse.linalg.interface import LinearOperator

from gemseo.algos.linear_solvers.linear_problem import LinearProblem
from gemseo.algos.linear_solvers.linear_solvers_factory import LinearSolversFactory


[docs]def none_factory(): """Returns None... To be used for defaultdict """
[docs]def default_dict_factory(): """Instantiates a defaultdict(None) object.""" return defaultdict(none_factory)
[docs]class JacobianAssembly: """Assembly of Jacobians. Typically, assemble discipline's Jacobians into a system Jacobian. """ DIRECT_MODE = "direct" ADJOINT_MODE = "adjoint" AUTO_MODE = "auto" REVERSE_MODE = "reverse" AVAILABLE_MODES = (DIRECT_MODE, ADJOINT_MODE, AUTO_MODE, REVERSE_MODE) # matrix types SPARSE = "sparse" LINEAR_OPERATOR = "linear_operator" AVAILABLE_MAT_TYPES = [SPARSE, LINEAR_OPERATOR] def __init__(self, coupling_structure): """ Args: coupling_structure: The CouplingStructure associated disciplines that form the coupled system. """ self.coupling_structure = coupling_structure self.sizes = {} self.disciplines = {} self.coupled_system = CoupledSystem() self.n_newton_linear_resolutions = 0 def __check_inputs(self, functions, variables, couplings, matrix_type, use_lu_fact): """Check the inputs before differentiation. Args: functions: The functions to differentiate. variables: The differentiation variables. couplings: The coupling variables. matrix_type: The type of matrix for linearization. use_lu_fact: Whether to use the LU factorization once for all second members. Raises: ValueError: When the inputs are inconsistent. """ unknown_dvars = set(variables) unknown_outs = set(functions) for discipline in self.coupling_structure.disciplines: inputs = set(discipline.get_input_data_names()) outputs = set(discipline.get_output_data_names()) unknown_outs = unknown_outs - outputs unknown_dvars = unknown_dvars - inputs if unknown_dvars: raise ValueError( "Some of the specified variables are not " + "inputs of the disciplines: " + str(unknown_dvars) + " possible inputs are: " + str( [ disc.get_input_data_names() for disc in self.coupling_structure.disciplines ] ) ) if unknown_outs: raise ValueError( "Some outputs are not computed by the disciplines:" + str(unknown_outs) + " available outputs are: " + str( [ disc.get_output_data_names() for disc in self.coupling_structure.disciplines ] ) ) for coupling in set(couplings) & set(variables): raise ValueError( "Variable " + str(coupling) + " is both a coupling and a design variable" ) if matrix_type not in self.AVAILABLE_MAT_TYPES: raise ValueError( "Unknown matrix type " + str(matrix_type) + ", available ones are " + str(self.AVAILABLE_MAT_TYPES) ) if use_lu_fact and matrix_type == self.LINEAR_OPERATOR: raise ValueError( "Unsupported LU factorization for " + "LinearOperators! Please use Sparse matrices" + " instead" )
[docs] def compute_sizes(self, functions, variables, couplings, residual_variables=None): """Compute the number of scalar functions, variables and couplings. Args: functions: The functions to differentiate. variables: The differentiation variables. couplings: The coupling variables. residual_variables: The mapping of residuals of disciplines to their respective state variables. Raises: ValueError: When the size of some variables could not be determined. """ self.sizes = {} self.disciplines = {} # search for the functions/variables/couplings in the # Jacobians of the disciplines if residual_variables is not None: outputs = itertools.chain( functions, couplings, residual_variables.keys(), residual_variables.values(), ) else: outputs = itertools.chain(functions, couplings) # functions and coupling and states for output in outputs: discipline = self.coupling_structure.find_discipline(output) self.disciplines[output] = discipline # get an arbitrary Jacobian and compute the number of rows size = next(iter(discipline.jac[output].values())).shape[0] self.sizes[output] = size # variables for variable in variables: for discipline in self.coupling_structure.disciplines: if variable not in self.sizes: for jacobian in discipline.jac.values(): jacobian_wrt_variable = jacobian.get(variable, None) if jacobian_wrt_variable is not None: self.sizes[variable] = jacobian_wrt_variable.shape[1] self.disciplines[variable] = discipline break if variable not in self.sizes: raise ValueError( f"Failed to determine the size of input variable {variable}" )
@staticmethod def _check_mode(mode, n_variables, n_functions): """Check the differentiation mode (direct or adjoint) Args: mode: The differentiation mode. n_variables: The number of variables. n_functions: The number of functions. Returns: The linearization mode. """ if mode == JacobianAssembly.AUTO_MODE: if n_variables <= n_functions: mode = JacobianAssembly.DIRECT_MODE else: mode = JacobianAssembly.ADJOINT_MODE return mode
[docs] def compute_dimension(self, names): """Compute the total number of functions/variables/couplings of the whole system. Args: names: The names of the inputs or the outputs. Returns: The dimension if the system. """ number = 0 for name in names: number += self.sizes[name] return number
def _dres_dvar_sparse(self, residuals, variables, n_residuals, n_variables): """Form the matrix of partial derivatives of residuals. Given disciplinary Jacobians dYi(Y0...Yn)/dvj, fill the sparse Jacobian: | | | dRi/dvj | | | Args: residuals: The residuals. variables: The differentiation variables. n_residuals: The number of residuals. n_variables: The number of variables. Returns: The derivatives of the residuals wrt the variables. """ dres_dvar = dok_matrix((n_residuals, n_variables)) out_i = 0 # Row blocks for residual in residuals: residual_size = self.sizes[residual] # Find the associated discipline discipline = self.disciplines[residual] residual_jac = discipline.jac[residual] # Column blocks out_j = 0 for variable in variables: variable_size = self.sizes[variable] if residual == variable: # residual Yi-Yi: put -I in the Jacobian ones_mat = (ones(variable_size), 0) shape = (variable_size, variable_size) diag_mat = -dia_matrix(ones_mat, shape=shape) if self.coupling_structure.is_self_coupled(discipline): jac = residual_jac.get(variable, None) if jac is not None: diag_mat += jac dres_dvar[ out_i : out_i + variable_size, out_j : out_j + variable_size ] = diag_mat else: # block Jacobian jac = residual_jac.get(variable, None) if jac is not None: n_i, n_j = jac.shape assert n_i == residual_size assert n_j == variable_size # Fill the sparse Jacobian block dres_dvar[out_i : out_i + n_i, out_j : out_j + n_j] = jac # Shift the column by block width out_j += variable_size out_i += residual_size return dres_dvar.real def _dres_dvar_linop(self, residuals, variables, n_residuals, n_variables): """Form the linear operator of partial derivatives of residuals. Args: residuals: The residuals. variables: The differentiation variables. n_residuals: The number of residuals. n_variables: The number of variables. Returns: The operator dres_dvar. """ # define the linear function def dres_dvar(x_array): """The linear operator that represents the square matrix dR/dy. Args: x_array: vector multiplied by the matrix """ assert x_array.shape[0] == n_variables # initialize the result result = zeros(n_residuals, dtype=x_array.dtype) out_i = 0 # Row blocks for residual in residuals: residual_size = self.sizes[residual] # Find the associated discipline discipline = self.disciplines[residual] residual_jac = discipline.jac[residual] # Column blocks out_j = 0 for variable in variables: variable_size = self.sizes[variable] if residual == variable: # residual Yi-Yi: (-I).x = -x sub_x = x_array[out_j : out_j + variable_size] result[out_i : out_i + residual_size] -= sub_x if self.coupling_structure.is_self_coupled(discipline): jac = residual_jac.get(variable, None) if jac is not None: result[out_i : out_i + residual_size] += jac.dot(sub_x) else: # block Jacobian jac = residual_jac.get(variable, None) if jac is not None: sub_x = x_array[out_j : out_j + variable_size] sub_result = jac.dot(sub_x) result[out_i : out_i + residual_size] += sub_result # Shift the column by block width out_j += variable_size # Shift the row by block height out_i += residual_size return result return LinearOperator((n_residuals, n_variables), matvec=dres_dvar) def _dres_dvar_t_linop(self, residuals, variables, n_residuals, n_variables): """Form the transposed linear operator of partial derivatives of residuals. Args: residuals: The residuals. variables: The differentiation variables. n_residuals: The number of residuals. n_variables: The number of variables. Returns: The transpose of the operator dres_dvar. """ # define the linear function def dres_t_dvar(x_array): """The transposed linear operator that represents the square matrix dR/dy. Args: x_array: The vector multiplied by the matrix. """ assert x_array.shape[0] == n_residuals # initialize the result result = zeros(n_variables) out_j = 0 # Column blocks for residual in residuals: residual_size = self.sizes[residual] # Find the associated discipline discipline = self.disciplines[residual] residual_jac = discipline.jac[residual] # Row blocks out_i = 0 for variable in variables: variable_size = self.sizes[variable] if residual == variable: # residual Yi-Yi: (-I).x = -x sub_x = x_array[out_j : out_j + residual_size] result[out_i : out_i + variable_size] -= sub_x if self.coupling_structure.is_self_coupled(discipline): jac = residual_jac.get(variable, None) if jac is not None: result[out_i : out_i + residual_size] += jac.T.dot( sub_x ) else: # block Jacobian jac = residual_jac.get(variable, None) if jac is not None: sub_x = x_array[out_j : out_j + residual_size] sub_result = jac.T.dot(sub_x) result[out_i : out_i + variable_size] += sub_result # Shift the column by block width out_i += variable_size # Shift the row by block height out_j += residual_size return result return LinearOperator((n_variables, n_residuals), matvec=dres_t_dvar)
[docs] def dres_dvar( self, residuals, variables, n_residuals, n_variables, matrix_type=SPARSE, transpose=False, ): """Form the matrix of partial derivatives of residuals. Given disciplinary Jacobians dYi(Y0...Yn)/dvj, fill the sparse Jacobian: | | | dRi/dvj | | | (Default value = False) Args: residuals: The residuals. variables: The differentiation variables. n_residuals: The number of residuals. n_variables: The number of variables. matrix_type: The type of the matrix. transpose: Whether to transpose the matrix. Returns: The jacobian of dres_dvar. Raises: TypeError: When the matrix type is unknown. """ if matrix_type == JacobianAssembly.SPARSE: sparse_dres_dvar = self._dres_dvar_sparse( residuals, variables, n_residuals, n_variables, ) if transpose: return sparse_dres_dvar.T return sparse_dres_dvar if matrix_type == JacobianAssembly.LINEAR_OPERATOR: if transpose: return self._dres_dvar_t_linop( residuals, variables, n_residuals, n_variables ) return self._dres_dvar_linop(residuals, variables, n_residuals, n_variables) raise TypeError("cannot handle the matrix type")
[docs] def dfun_dvar(self, function, variables, n_variables): """Forms the matrix of partial derivatives of a function. Given disciplinary Jacobians dJi(v0...vn)/dvj, fill the sparse Jacobian: | | | dJi/dvj | | | Args: function: The function to differentiate. variables: The differentiation variables. n_variables: The number of variables. Returns: The full Jacobian matrix. """ function_size = self.sizes[function] dfun_dy = dok_matrix((function_size, n_variables)) # Find the associated discipline discipline = self.disciplines[function] function_jac = discipline.jac[function] # Loop over differentiation variable out_j = 0 for variable in variables: variable_size = self.sizes[variable] jac_var = function_jac.get(variable, None) if jac_var is not None: n_i, n_j = jac_var.shape assert n_j == variable_size assert n_i == function_size # Fill the sparse Jacobian block dfun_dy[:, out_j : out_j + n_j] = jac_var # Shift the column by block width out_j += variable_size return dfun_dy
[docs] def total_derivatives( self, in_data, functions, variables, couplings, linear_solver="DEFAULT", mode=AUTO_MODE, matrix_type=SPARSE, use_lu_fact=False, exec_cache_tol=None, force_no_exec=False, residual_variables=None, **linear_solver_options, ): """Compute the Jacobian of total derivatives of the coupled system formed by the disciplines. Args: in_data: The input data dict. functions: The functions to differentiate. variables: The differentiation variables. couplings: The coupling variables. linear_solver: The name of the linear solver. mode: The linearization mode (auto, direct or adjoint). matrix_type: The representation of the matrix dR/dy (sparse or linear operator). use_lu_fact: Whether to factorize dres_dy once, unsupported for linear operator mode. exec_cache_tol: The discipline cache tolerance to when calling the linearize method. If None, no tolerance is set (equivalent to tol=0.0). force_no_exec: Whether the discipline is not re-executed, the cache is loaded anyway. linear_solver_options: The options passed to the linear solver factory. residual_variables: a mapping of residuals of disciplines to their respective state variables. **linear_solver_options: The options passed to the linear solver factory. Returns: The total coupled derivatives. Raises: ValueError: When the linearization_mode is incorrect. """ if not functions: return defaultdict(default_dict_factory) self.__check_inputs(functions, variables, couplings, matrix_type, use_lu_fact) couplings_and_res = couplings.copy() couplings_and_states = couplings.copy() # linearize all the disciplines if residual_variables is not None and residual_variables: couplings_and_res += list(residual_variables.keys()) couplings_and_states += list(residual_variables.values()) self._add_differentiated_inouts(functions, variables, couplings_and_res) for disc in self.coupling_structure.disciplines: if disc.cache is not None and exec_cache_tol is not None: disc.cache_tol = exec_cache_tol disc.linearize(in_data, force_no_exec=force_no_exec) # compute the sizes from the Jacobians self.compute_sizes(functions, variables, couplings, residual_variables) n_variables = self.compute_dimension(variables) n_functions = self.compute_dimension(functions) n_residuals = self.compute_dimension(couplings) if residual_variables is not None: n_residuals += self.compute_dimension(residual_variables.keys()) n_variables += self.compute_dimension(residual_variables.values()) # compute the partial derivatives of the residuals dres_dx = self.dres_dvar( couplings_and_res, variables, n_residuals, n_variables, ) # compute the partial derivatives of the interest functions (dfun_dx, dfun_dy) = ({}, {}) for fun in functions: dfun_dx[fun] = self.dfun_dvar(fun, variables, n_variables) dfun_dy[fun] = self.dfun_dvar(fun, couplings, n_residuals) mode = self._check_mode(mode, n_variables, n_functions) # compute the total derivatives if mode == JacobianAssembly.DIRECT_MODE: # sparse square matrix dR/dy dres_dy = self.dres_dvar( couplings_and_res, couplings_and_states, n_residuals, n_residuals, matrix_type=matrix_type, ) # compute the coupled derivatives total_derivatives = self.coupled_system.direct_mode( functions, n_variables, n_residuals, dres_dx, dres_dy, dfun_dx, dfun_dy, linear_solver, use_lu_fact=use_lu_fact, **linear_solver_options, ) elif mode == JacobianAssembly.ADJOINT_MODE: # transposed square matrix dR/dy^T dres_dy_t = self.dres_dvar( couplings_and_res, couplings_and_states, n_residuals, n_residuals, matrix_type=matrix_type, transpose=True, ) # compute the coupled derivatives total_derivatives = self.coupled_system.adjoint_mode( functions, dres_dx, dres_dy_t, dfun_dx, dfun_dy, linear_solver, use_lu_fact=use_lu_fact, **linear_solver_options, ) else: raise ValueError("Incorrect linearization mode " + str(mode)) return self.split_jac(total_derivatives, variables)
def _add_differentiated_inouts(self, functions, variables, couplings): """Add functions to the differentiated outputs of all the disciplines. WRT couplings and variables of the discipline. Args: functions: The functions to differentiate. variables: The differentiation variables. couplings: The coupling variables. Raises: ValueError: When no inputs are provided. """ couplings_and_functions = set(couplings) | set(functions) couplings_and_variables = set(couplings) | set(variables) for discipline in self.coupling_structure.disciplines: # outputs disc_outputs = discipline.get_output_data_names() outputs = list(couplings_and_functions & set(disc_outputs)) # inputs disc_inputs = discipline.get_input_data_names() inputs = list(set(disc_inputs) & couplings_and_variables) if inputs and outputs: discipline.add_differentiated_inputs(inputs) discipline.add_differentiated_outputs(outputs) if outputs and not inputs: base_msg = ( "Discipline '{}' has the outputs '{}' that must be " "differentiated, but no coupling or design " "variables as inputs" ) raise ValueError(base_msg.format(discipline.name, outputs))
[docs] def split_jac(self, coupled_system, variables): """Split a Jacobian dict into a dict of dict. Args: coupled_system: The derivatives to split. variables: The variables wrt which the differentiation is performed. Returns: The Jacobian. """ j_split = {} for function, function_jac in coupled_system.items(): i_out = 0 sub_jac = {} for variable in variables: size = self.sizes[variable] sub_jac[variable] = function_jac[:, i_out : i_out + size] i_out += size j_split[function] = sub_jac return j_split
# Newton step computation
[docs] def compute_newton_step( self, in_data, couplings, relax_factor, linear_solver="DEFAULT", matrix_type=SPARSE, **linear_solver_options, ): """Compute the Newton step for the coupled system of residuals formed by the disciplines. Args: in_data: The input data. couplings: The coupling variables. relax_factor: The relaxation factor. linear_solver: The name of the linear solver. matrix_type: The representation of the matrix dR/dy (sparse or linear operator). **linear_solver_options: The options passed to the linear solver factory. Returns: The Newton step -[dR/dy]^-1 . R as a dict of steps per coupling variable. """ # linearize the disciplines self._add_differentiated_inouts(couplings, couplings, couplings) for disc in self.coupling_structure.disciplines: disc.linearize(in_data) self.compute_sizes(couplings, couplings, couplings) n_couplings = self.compute_dimension(couplings) # compute the partial derivatives of the residuals dres_dy = self.dres_dvar( couplings, couplings, n_couplings, n_couplings, matrix_type=matrix_type ) # form the residuals res = self.residuals(in_data, couplings) # solve the linear system factory = LinearSolversFactory() linear_problem = LinearProblem(dres_dy, -relax_factor * res) factory.execute(linear_problem, linear_solver, **linear_solver_options) newton_step = linear_problem.solution self.n_newton_linear_resolutions += 1 # split the array of steps couplings_to_steps = {} component = 0 for coupling in couplings: size = self.sizes[coupling] couplings_to_steps[coupling] = newton_step[component : component + size] component += size return couplings_to_steps
[docs] def residuals(self, in_data, var_names): """Form the matrix of residuals wrt coupling variables. Given disciplinary explicit calculations Yi(Y0_t,...Yn_t), fill the residual matrix:: [Y0(Y0_t,...Yn_t) - Y0_t] [ ] [Yn(Y0_t,...Yn_t) - Yn_t] Args: in_data: The values prescribed for the calculation of the residuals (Y0_t,...Yn_t). var_names: The names of variables associated with the residuals (R). Returns: The residuals array. """ residuals = [] # Build rows blocks for name in var_names: for discipline in self.coupling_structure.disciplines: # Find associated discipline if name in discipline.get_output_data_names(): residuals.append( atleast_2d(discipline.get_outputs_by_name(name) - in_data[name]) ) return concatenate(residuals, axis=1)[0, :]
# plot method
[docs] def plot_dependency_jacobian( self, functions, variables, save=True, show=False, filepath=None, markersize=None, ): """Plot the Jacobian matrix Nonzero elements of the sparse matrix are represented by blue squares. Args: functions: The functions to plot. variables: The variables. show: WHether the plot is displayed. save: WHether the plot is saved in a PDF file. filepath: The file name to save to. If None, ``coupled_jacobian.pdf`` is used, otherwise ``coupled_jacobian_ + filepath + .pdf``. Returns: The file name. """ self.compute_sizes(functions, variables, []) n_variables = self.compute_dimension(variables) total_jac = None # compute the positions of the outputs outputs_positions = {} current_position = 0 for fun in functions: dfun_dx = self.dfun_dvar(fun, variables, n_variables) outputs_positions[fun] = current_position current_position += self.sizes[fun] if total_jac is None: total_jac = dfun_dx else: total_jac = vstack((total_jac, dfun_dx)) # compute the positions of the inputs inputs_positions = {} current_position = 0 for variable in variables: inputs_positions[variable] = current_position current_position += self.sizes[variable] # plot the (sparse) matrix fig = plt.figure(figsize=(6.0, 10.0)) ax1 = fig.add_subplot(111) plt.spy(total_jac, markersize=markersize) ax1.set_aspect("auto") plt.yticks(list(outputs_positions.values()), list(outputs_positions.keys())) plt.xticks( list(inputs_positions.values()), list(inputs_positions.keys()), rotation=90 ) filename = None if save: if filepath is None: filename = "coupled_jacobian.pdf" else: filename = "coupled_jacobian_" + filepath + ".pdf" plt.savefig(filename) if show: plt.show() else: plt.close() return filename
[docs]class CoupledSystem: """Compute coupled (total) derivatives of a system of residuals. Use several methods: - direct or adjoint - factorized for multiple RHS """ def __init__(self): self.n_linear_resolutions = 0 self.n_direct_modes = 0 self.n_adjoint_modes = 0 self.lu_fact = 0 self.linear_solver_factory = LinearSolversFactory() self.linear_problem = None
[docs] def direct_mode( self, functions, n_variables, n_couplings, dres_dx, dres_dy, dfun_dx, dfun_dy, linear_solver="DEFAULT", use_lu_fact=False, **linear_solver_options, ): """Compute the total derivative Jacobian in direct mode. Args: functions: The functions to differentiate. n_variables: The number of variables. n_couplings: The number of couplings. dres_dx: The Jacobian of the residuals wrt the design variables. dres_dy: The Jacobian of the residuals wrt the coupling variables. dfun_dx: The Jacobian of the functions wrt the design variables. dfun_dy: The Jacobian of the functions wrt the coupling variables. linear_solver: The name of the linear solver. use_lu_fact: Whether to factorize dres_dy once. **linear_solver_options: The optional parameters. Returns: The Jacobian of the total coupled derivatives. """ self.n_direct_modes += 1 if use_lu_fact: return self._direct_mode_lu( functions, n_variables, n_couplings, dres_dx, dres_dy, dfun_dx, dfun_dy ) return self._direct_mode( functions, n_variables, n_couplings, dres_dx, dres_dy, dfun_dx, dfun_dy, linear_solver, **linear_solver_options, )
[docs] def adjoint_mode( self, functions, dres_dx, dres_dy_t, dfun_dx, dfun_dy, linear_solver="DEFAULT", use_lu_fact=False, **linear_solver_options, ): """Compute the total derivative Jacobian in adjoint mode. Args: functions: The functions to differentiate. dres_dx: The Jacobian of the residuals wrt the design variables. dres_dy_t: The Jacobian of the residuals wrt the coupling variables. dfun_dx: The Jacobian of the functions wrt the design variables. dfun_dy: The Jacobian of the functions wrt the coupling variables. linear_solver: The name of the linear solver. use_lu_fact: Whether to factorize dres_dy_t once. **linear_solver_options: The optional parameters. Returns: The Jacobian of total coupled derivatives. """ self.n_adjoint_modes += 1 if use_lu_fact: return self._adjoint_mode_lu( functions, dres_dx, dres_dy_t, dfun_dx, dfun_dy ) return self._adjoint_mode( functions, dres_dx, dres_dy_t, dfun_dx, dfun_dy, linear_solver, **linear_solver_options, )
def _direct_mode( self, functions, n_variables, n_couplings, dres_dx, dres_dy, dfun_dx, dfun_dy, linear_solver="DEFAULT", **linear_solver_options, ): """Compute the total derivative Jacobian in direct mode. Args: functions: The functions to differentiate. n_variables: The number of variables. n_couplings: The number of couplings. dres_dx: The Jacobian of the residuals wrt the design variables. dres_dy: The Jacobian of the residuals wrt the coupling variables. dfun_dx: The Jacobian of the functions wrt the design variables. dfun_dy: The Jacobian of the functions wrt the coupling variables. linear_solver: The name of the linear solver. **linear_solver_options: The optional parameters. Returns: The Jacobian of total coupled derivatives. """ # compute the total derivative dy/dx, independent of the # function to differentiate dy_dx = empty((n_couplings, n_variables)) self.linear_problem = LinearProblem(dres_dy) if linear_solver in ["DEFAULT", "LGMRES"]: # Reinit outerV, and store it for all RHS linear_solver_options["outer_v"] = [] for var_index in range(n_variables): self.linear_problem.rhs = -dres_dx[:, var_index] self.linear_solver_factory.execute( self.linear_problem, linear_solver, **linear_solver_options ) dy_dx[:, var_index] = self.linear_problem.solution self.n_linear_resolutions += 1 # assemble the total derivatives of the functions using dy_dx jac = {} for fun in functions: jac[fun] = dfun_dx[fun].toarray() + dfun_dy[fun].dot(dy_dx) return jac def _adjoint_mode( self, functions, dres_dx, dres_dy_t, dfun_dx, dfun_dy, linear_solver="DEFAULT", **linear_solver_options, ): """Compute the total derivative Jacobian in adjoint mode. Args: functions: The functions to differentiate. dres_dx: The Jacobian of the residuals wrt the design variables. dres_dy: The Jacobian of the residuals wrt the coupling variables. dfun_dx: The Jacobian of the functions wrt the design variables. dfun_dy: The Jacobian of the functions wrt the coupling variables. linear_solver: The name of the linear solver. dres_dy_t: The derivatives of the residuals wrt coupling vars. **linear_solver_options: The optional parameters. Returns: The Jacobian of total coupled derivatives. """ jac = {} # adjoint vector for each interest function if linear_solver in ["DEFAULT", "LGMRES"]: # Reinit outerV, and store it for all RHS linear_solver_options["outer_v"] = [] self.linear_problem = LinearProblem(dres_dy_t) for fun in functions: dfunction_dx = dfun_dx[fun] dfunction_dy = dfun_dy[fun] jac[fun] = empty(dfunction_dx.shape) # compute adjoint vector for each component of the function for fun_component in range(dfunction_dy.shape[0]): self.linear_problem.rhs = -dfunction_dy[fun_component, :].T self.linear_solver_factory.execute( self.linear_problem, linear_solver, **linear_solver_options ) adjoint = self.linear_problem.solution self.n_linear_resolutions += 1 jac[fun][fun_component, :] = ( dfunction_dx[fun_component, :] + (dres_dx.T.dot(adjoint)).T ) return jac def _direct_mode_lu( self, functions, n_variables, n_couplings, dres_dx, dres_dy, dfun_dx, dfun_dy ): """Compute the total derivative Jacobian in direct mode. Args: functions: The functions to differentiate. n_variables: The number of variables. n_couplings: The number of couplings. dres_dx: The Jacobian of the residuals wrt the design variables. dres_dy: The Jacobian of the residuals wrt the coupling variables. dfun_dx: The Jacobian of the functions wrt the design variables. dfun_dy: The Jacobian of the functions wrt the coupling variables. Returns: The Jacobian of total coupled derivatives. """ # compute the total derivative dy/dx, independent of the # function to differentiate dy_dx = empty((n_couplings, n_variables)) # compute LU decomposition solve = factorized(csc_matrix(dres_dy)) self.lu_fact += 1 for var_index in range(n_variables): rhs = -dres_dx[:, var_index].todense() dy_dx[:, var_index] = solve(rhs).squeeze() self.n_linear_resolutions += 1 # assemble the total derivatives of the functions using dy_dx jac = {} for fun in functions: jac[fun] = dfun_dx[fun].toarray() + dfun_dy[fun].dot(dy_dx) return jac def _adjoint_mode_lu(self, functions, dres_dx, dres_dy_t, dfun_dx, dfun_dy): """Compute the total derivative Jacobian in adjoint mode. Args: functions: The functions to differentiate. dres_dx: The Jacobian of the residuals wrt the design variables. dfun_dx: The Jacobian of the functions wrt the design variables. dfun_dy: The Jacobian of the functions wrt the coupling variables. dres_dy_t: The Jacobian of the residuals wrt the coupling variables. Returns: The Jacobian of total coupled derivatives. """ jac = {} # compute LU factorization solve = factorized(dres_dy_t) self.lu_fact += 1 # adjoint vector for each interest function for fun in functions: dfunction_dx = dfun_dx[fun] dfunction_dy = dfun_dy[fun] jac[fun] = empty(dfunction_dx.shape) # compute adjoint vector for each component of the function for fun_component in range(dfunction_dy.shape[0]): adjoint = solve(-dfunction_dy[fun_component, :].todense().T) self.n_linear_resolutions += 1 jac[fun][fun_component, :] = ( dfunction_dx[fun_component, :] + (dres_dx.T.dot(adjoint)).T ) return jac